Module A deals with Nationalism, ethnicity, racism, and xenophobia. In the context of South Asia nationalism and ethnicity assume particular importance. The emergence of the modern states of South Asia is linked to the end of colonialism in the sub-continent and its partition – first into two and later into three new nation states. However, the process of decolonisation still continues. The formation of the nation-state is a European concept and the creation of nation-states in South Asia is a fall-out of European colonial rule in the region. Partition of the subcontinent in 1947 created the largest mass migration in human history. This was the beginning of a phenomenon which continues till today. Partition of the subcontinent on religious lines resulted in creation of religious and ethnic minorities. Ethnicity and religion both assumed serious proportions resulting in an upsurge of nationalism and further partition. In 1971 there was another partition leading to forced displacement across borders and within borders of the new nation states. At the root of every conflict was, of course, the question of land and resources. Since most of the cross border migrations in the region were a result of partitions of states, there is a special emphasis on partition refugees.

1. This module therefore attempts to analyse and give an overview of the following:
2. Nationalism and the formation of nation states in South Asia have resulted in massive displacement of the people of the region.
3. Partition refugees forming a distinct category of refugees
4. Land as a primary factor in forcible displacement of people
5. State policies in South Asia regarding the protection and rehabilitation of refugees.

The course contents of this module focus primarily on the partition refugees and their resettlement in the host states. The policies of the Indian Government in the rehabilitation of refugees from both East and West Pakistan in particular are highlighted as it is generally considered that the Government did an adequate job of rehabilitating and resettling the refugees. There is also a chapter on citizenship and its implications in the context of South Asia. The role of land and resources as the underlying factor in conflict-induced displacement of people is also included, with case studies taken from different countries of South Asia.